About 70 percent of the Ju/'hoansi live in the N!umsi, while the remainder live at Xai/xai. The Aha Hills, because of no unending water, contain no permanent settlements. About one-third of the Dobe field of force lies across the border in Namibia. Since the building of a border fence by South Africa in 1965, this western role has been cut off to the gathering and hunting Ju. The Dobe argona is kin to over 50 re inclinent mammal species which provide the Ju/'hoansi with a solid hunting subsistence base (Lee 27). At the same time, the hunters make water to compete for prey with representatives of all the major predator species: lions, leopards, and others. In addition to the mammals, their are 90 species of birds, 25 species of reptiles and amphibians, and up to 90 species of invertebrates. Ungulates are the main game animals for the Ju/'hoansi, most prominently the kudu, wildebeest, and gemsbok. Giraffe, eland, coloured antelope, and hartebeest are also present. The most plentiful and most often killed are the nonmigratory warthog, steenbok, and duiker.
Of other mammals, ant bear, porcupine, spring hare, and scrub hare are important in the diet of the Ju/'hoansi. The ostrich is prized for its testis (
Lee 27). They are emptied, their circumscribe eaten, and the shells cleaned and utilize for water canteens and in bead making. Other birds eaten by the Ju/'hoansi are guinea fowl, francolin, ducks, korhaan, sandgrouse, quail, and dove. No fish are lay out in the area. Poisonous snakes are prevalent and campsites are modify of brush that could conceal them (lee 28). Few insects are eaten by the Ju/'hoansi, however the species of chrysomelid beetles are used for poisoning hunting arrows (Lee 19). wild honey is a delicacy.
Lee Richard B. The Dobe Ju/'hoansi. Fort Worth: Harcourt waken College P, 1993.
Over 100 species of wild plants are considered edible by the Ju/'hoansi (Lee 45-46). Complex criteria are applied to arrange these plants into a hierarchy of classes and desirability.
These include abundance, duration of eating season, ease of collecting, tastiness, absence of side effects, and nutritional value. This is important to the Ju/'hoansi because of their subsistence activities (Lee 48). The longer a group lives in one place, the farther they have to walk each twenty-four hours to gather food. Because the twenty-four hours's foods are pooled within families and shared with other families at adjacent fires, the net effect is that every camp division has a variety of food available each day and no one goes hungry.
The tools and techniques of gathering are relatively simple, however the knowledge of plant identification, growth, ripeness, and location is extremely complex (Lee 42). The women are highly skilled at distinguishing useful from nonuseful or wild plants and at finding and bringing home sufficient quantities of the best food species available. Only a single tool, the digging stick, is used for gathering. The digging stick is used to dig out root and bulbs, and is used in hunting to dig out burrowing animals, and in water-getting to dig out water-bearing roots. It is also used as a carrying device to transport large roots impaled on it or suspended from it with twin
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