The Politics of Negotiation

Semi-authoritarian states argon characterized by ambiguity shading into illusion.

Otta room suggests a variety of indicators of the presence of effective democratisation, as distinct from the pseudo- democratisation of semi-authoritarianism. Six ar listed here, listed as encountered, moreover in more or less arbitrary order:

A. Embeddedness of governmental parties (Ottaway, 2003, p. 182). "Embeddedness" is a fundamental underlying concept in Ottaway's analysis. It factor broadly that institutions are rooted in a nation's veridical social structures and relationships. In the case of political parties, embeddedness means that a party represents, and can ride, a mass constituency. The ability to mobilize a constituency is the natural and practical test of representation. Anyone can advance to represent, say, peasants, but do they respond when called?

Semi-authoritarian societies such as Egypt are characterized by weak opposition parties that retain little nor no visible constituency in the commonwealth. Often these parties have programs that are real appealing to Western donors, but not to very some(prenominal) Egyptians (Ottaway, 2003, p. 182). Their conferences and opposite activities give a satisfying appearance to donors, epoch posing no threat to the ruling party.

B. Linkage of form _or_ system of government and politics (Ottaway, 2003, p. 183). This condition stems from the same donor attitudes and assumption that nourish weak, meaningless parties. Western interests call for democratization, while at the sa

Finally, insurance policy-related factors are ranked, with gene linkage of politics and policy leading this group as the broad framework in which the other factors in this group operate. Democratic politics has to be seen as not only possible but effective, commensurate to implement changes that will effect people's lives. Indeed, politics must be seen as possible in order for authoritarianism to collapse, as distinct from a coup that merely changes the authoritarians.

A. Pacts among the elite. A pact, in Gill's usage, is in effect an agreement among elite groups in a transitioning society to hold hands and make the jump to democratization together (Gill, 2000, p. 52).

They "hold hands" in the intellect that they consume to all participate in the transition process together, elastic to ensure that the vital interests of each group are preserved. By forming a pact, elite constituencies are added to the pacted coalition, while remaining hardliners who power resist the transition find that these same elite constituencies are denied to them.

In addition to the above factors identified by Ottaway and Gill, password of the democratizing process leads explicitly or implicitly to some other important factors in democratization. Among these are:

C. Realism about policy choices. The ability to be realistic about policy choices, from both(prenominal) the donors' (Western) perspective and that of political figures in a recipient country is the converse of the point made above about the linkage of politics and policy (Ottaway, 2003, p. 183). Citizens of established democracies understand well that prevail promises are to be taken with a grain of salt, but expect some adherence to core values. Leaders who lead democratic credentials must in some way balance their appeal and ability to mobilize supporters with a sense of what policies are attainable. More briefly, leaders must make promises that they have some chance of keeping. When they do not, as in Haiti, democratization rapidly cr
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